A simple extraction is defined as the removal of a tooth that is visible inside the mouth. The dentist or oral surgeon uses an instrument called an elevator to loosen the tooth, which is then removed using forceps.

These are considerably more complex than simple extractions. A small incision in the gum is required to surgically remove the tooth. It may sometimes be necessary to remove bone around the tooth or section it in half in order to extract it.

Wisdom teeth, third molars or cordals are the permanent teeth located at the back of the mouth. They typically emerge between the ages of 17 and 25. When there is insufficient space for them to grow, they can become impacted and cause pain, oral infections or other dental problems.

An apicoectomy eliminates an infectious process affecting the root of a tooth or surrounding tissues. The procedure involves opening the gum, removing the tip of the affected root (apex), sealing the root canal and suturing. Full regeneration is achieved within approximately 2 to 3 months.

A gingivectomy involves the removal of a portion of the gingival tissue and the reshaping of the area. It is most commonly used to remove periodontal pockets. It is also performed for aesthetic reasons, in patients who require a reduction in gum size.

A frenectomy cuts or modifies the labial frenula or the lingual frenulum. If the labial frenulum is shorter than normal, it can cause difficulties with speech. If the lingual frenulum is too short, it restricts tongue movement and may interfere with breastfeeding or speech development.

Fenestration is the surgical exposure of a tooth that has been unable to erupt on its own, remaining blocked by bone or tissue in the gum. It is indicated when the tooth does not erupt spontaneously after sufficient space has been created in the arch.